Taw qhia rau cov khoom ntawm titanium thiab titanium alloys
1.1 Taw qhia rau Titanium
Titanium yog hom tshiab, uas muaj qhov zoo ntawm qhov ceev ceev, muaj lub zog muaj zog, kub tsis kam thiab corrosion tsis kam. Nws hnyav tsuas yog ib nrab ntau npaum li hlau, tab sis nws cov khoom siv kho tshuab, xws li rauj thiab kos duab, piv rau tooj liab. Feem ntau hais lus, raws li qhov kub thiab txias, qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau yuav txo qis, tab sis titanium yog qhov tsis sib xws, qhov kub thiab txias, titanium yuav nyuaj thiab nyuaj, thiab superconductivity yuav tshwm sim thaum kub tseem ceeb.
1.2 Taw qhia rau titanium alloy
Titanium alloy thiab titanium yog qhov zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj zog thiab muaj zog ntxiv, muaj zog corrosion tsis kam. Ntxiv mus, nws lub zog thermal yog siab, uas yog pom tseeb zoo dua li ntawm aluminium alloy. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws cov khoom siv kho tshuab muaj qhov hloov pauv me ntsis ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ultra-tsawg.
Tshiab technology thiab kev siv ntawm titanium
2.1 Txoj kev npaj ntawm titanium
Txawm hais tias titanium muaj ntau nyob rau hauv cov xwm, nws kuj yog ib tug tsis tshua muaj hlau vim hais tias nws yog dispersed thiab nyuaj rau extract. Tam sim no, kev npaj ntawm titanium muab faib ua ob pawg: thermal txo txoj kev thiab molten ntsev electrolysis txoj kev.
(1) Titanium tau npaj los ntawm txoj kev txo qis thermal
Txoj kev txo cov cua sov yog nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, kev siv Li, Na, Mg, Ca thiab nws cov hydride thiab lwm yam muaj zog txo cov neeg ua haujlwm, titanium los ntawm titanium tebchaw xws li TiCl4, TiO2, K2TiF6 txo. Raws li cov sib txawv titanium tebchaw, thev naus laus zis ntawm kev npaj titanium los ntawm kev txo thermal tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg:
① Titanium chloride REDOX txoj kev, xws li Kroll method, Hunter method, Armstrong method thiab EMR method;
② REDOX txoj kev ntawm titanium oxide, xws li OS txoj kev, PRP txheej txheem, MHR txoj kev, thiab lwm yam.
③ REDOX txoj kev ntawm titanate.
Tam sim no, tsuas yog txoj kev Kroll thiab Hunter txoj kev tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv kev tsim khoom. Txoj kev Kroll siv magnesium los hloov titanium tawm ntawm chloride, thiab txoj kev Hunter siv sodium hlau los hloov titanium tawm ntawm chloride. Tsis tas li ntawd, Tebchaws Asmeskas Chicago thoob ntiaj teb titanium hmoov lub tuam txhab tsim Armstrong txoj kev, nws txoj kev npaj yog zoo ib yam li Hunter txoj kev, kuj yog siv los txo tus neeg sawv cev sodium los purify titanium hlau. Tebchaws Meskas twb tau siv txoj kev no rau kev tsim khoom ua ntej hauv cov chaw tsim khoom.
(2) Kev npaj ntawm titanium los ntawm molten ntsev electrolysis
Xyoo 1959, Kroll tau kwv yees tias molten ntsev electrolysis yuav hloov Kroll raws li txoj kev tseem ceeb ntawm titanium ntau lawm nyob rau hauv tsib mus rau kaum xyoo tom ntej. Tau ntau xyoo, cov chaw tshawb fawb thiab cov chaw soj nstuam hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws tau tsim tag nrho ntau tshaj li kaum lub thev naus laus zis tshiab rau kev npaj titanium los ntawm cov ntsev ntsev electrolysis, uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg raws li cov ntaub ntawv raw:
① Electrolysis ntawm titanate;
(2) Electrolysis ntawm titanium chloride;
③ Electrolytic txoj kev ntawm titanium oxide, nrog rau FFC Cambridge txoj kev, MER txheej txheem, USTB txoj kev, QIT txheej txheem, SOM txoj kev thiab ionic kua electrolytic txoj kev, thiab lwm yam.
2.2 Kev siv tshiab ntawm titanium
Txij li thaum xyoo 1940, kev siv titanium tau tsim sai heev, thiab nws tau siv dav hauv dav hlau, foob pob ua ntxaij, missiles, satellites, spaceships, nkoj, tub rog kev lag luam, kev kho mob thiab petrochemical teb. Cov kev tshawb fawb tshiab tau pom tias tib neeg lub cev muaj qee yam ntawm titanium, titanium yuav txhawb nqa phagocytic hlwb, tuaj yeem ntxiv dag zog rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, yog li ntau lub chaw soj nstuam tau cog lus rau kev txhim kho thiab kev siv tshuaj lom neeg titanium.
Tshiab technology thiab kev siv ntawm titanium alloy
3.1 Txoj kev npaj ntawm titanium alloy
Titanium alloy tsoos ua feem ntau siv smelting thiab casting technology, qhov tseeb ua technology tau muab faib ua cov hauv qab no:
(1) Ze net molding tshuab;
(2) Kab sib txhuam vuam tshuab;
(3) superplastic txoj kev siv tshuab;
(4) Khoos phis tawj simulation thev naus laus zis ntawm kev npaj thiab ua cov txheej txheem.
Nyob ze net molding tshuab suav nrog laser molding, precision casting, precision tuag forging, hmoov metallurgy, dav hlau molding thiab lwm txoj kev. Hmoov metallurgy yog siv cov titanium hmoov los yog titanium alloy hmoov ua raw cov ntaub ntawv, tom qab molding thiab sintering, thiaj li mus tsim titanium qhov chaw ntawm cov txheej txheem tshiab. Thawj yog kev tsim cov hmoov, feem ntau yog siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib tsoo, siv lub pob zeb kom muaj kev cuam tshuam, zom thiab do cov khoom siv raw. Tom qab ntawd cov hlau uas tau tsim cov hmoov yog nias thiab tsim. Muaj ob txoj kev nias, uas yog lub siab sib sau thiab tsis muaj kev sib sau. Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov kauj ruam no yog ua kom muaj qee yam duab thiab qhov loj ntawm lub embryo nias, thiab ua kom nws muaj qee qhov ceev thiab lub zog. Tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv ua los ntawm blastoplasm tso ntshav ntshav sintering, kev siv lub Upper thiab qis tuag xuas nrig ntaus thiab hluav taws xob electrode yuav tsum tshwj xeeb sintering fais fab mov thiab nias lub siab thov mus rau lub sintered hmoov, tom qab tso tawm activation, thermoplastic deformation thiab txias kom tiav cov kev npaj. kev ua haujlwm siab titanium cov ntaub ntawv. Tom qab ntawd cov plasma sintered titanium alloy rau kev kho mob tom ntej, feem ntau yog kev kho cua sov lossis kev ua cov yas.
3.2 Kev siv tshiab ntawm titanium alloys
Titanium alloys tau dav siv nyob rau hauv aerospace teb thaum ntxov, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov aircraft xyaw los yog pneumatic Cheebtsam. Tom qab ntawd, nrog kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm thev naus laus zis, titanium alloy tau nkag mus rau hauv lub neej ntawm cov neeg zoo tib yam, hauv lub Hoobkas lossis cov khoom siv hauv tsev kuj muaj titanium alloy daim duab. Tam sim no lub teb chaws thiab cov koom haum tab tom tsim kho tshiab titanium alloys, kom lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus nqi qis thiab kev ua haujlwm siab, kev txhim kho tshiab ntawm titanium alloys nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no feem ntau yog tsom rau hauv tsib yam nram qab no.
(1) Kev kho mob titanium alloy
Titanium alloys nrog tsawg ntom thiab zoo biocompatibility yog cov khoom siv kho mob zoo tshaj plaws thiab tuaj yeem cog rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Titanium alloys yav dhau los siv hauv kev kho mob muaj vanadium thiab txhuas, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg lub cev. Tab sis nyob rau yav tom ntej, cov kws tshawb fawb Nyij Pooj tau tsim ib hom tshiab ntawm titanium alloy, nrog biocompatibility zoo, tab sis cov hlau tseem tsis tau tsim tawm ntau, nws ntseeg tau tias yav tom ntej, cov hlau zoo li no tuaj yeem siv dav. hauv lub neej txhua hnub.
(2) nplaim retardant titanium alloy
Lub titanium puag alloy uas muaj peev xwm tiv taus combustion nyob rau hauv tej lub siab, kub thiab cua txaus tus nqi yog nplaim retardant titanium alloy. Tebchaws Asmeskas, Russia thiab Tuam Tshoj tau tsim cov titanium alloys tshiab, uas lub tebchaws United States yuav siv cov kev tiv thaiv titanium alloys rau lub cav, vim tias cov titanium alloys tsis rhiab heev rau combustion, yog li tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub cav.
(3) hom muaj zog thiab toughness
hom titanium alloy muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub zog siab, zoo weldability thiab zoo heev txias thiab kub kev ua haujlwm. Cov kws tshawb fawb siv txoj cai no, kev npaj ntawm -type titanium alloy yam ntxwv yog pom tseeb heev: kev ua haujlwm kub kub, zoo plasticity, zoo vuam kev ua tau zoo. Thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab tau zoo heev tom qab kev daws teeb meem kev laus. Tam sim no, Nyiv thiab Russia tau npaj cov titanium alloys.
(4) Titanium thiab aluminium compounds
Piv nrog rau cov titanium alloy dav, titanium aluminium compound muaj qhov kub thiab txias ua haujlwm, zoo oxidation tsis kam thiab creep kuj, thiab qhov ntom yog tsawg dua li cov titanium alloy. Cov yam ntxwv zoo heev no yog destined rau Ti - Al tebchaw yuav teem tawm ib tug tshiab alloy boom. Cov titanium tshiab - aluminium compound alloy tau raug tsim nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab yog nyob rau hauv ntau lawm.
(5) Kub kub titanium alloy
Los ntawm kev sib txuas cov txheej txheem ceev ceev thiab cov hmoov hlau metallurgy, titanium alloy npaj los ntawm fiber ntau lossis particle reinforced composite muaj qhov kub thiab txias zoo heev. Qhov ntsuas kub ntawm qhov kub siab ntawm titanium alloy yog siab dua li ntawm cov titanium zoo tib yam. Tam sim no, lub tebchaws United States tau npaj ib tug tshiab high kub titanium alloy.
(6) titanium npib tsib xee alloy
Ib qho alloy ntawm titanium thiab npib tsib xee, lub npe hu ua "kev nco alloy," yog ua rau hauv cov duab ua ntej. Tom qab tau zoo li tus, yog deformed los ntawm sab nraud quab yuam, nws yuav rov qab los rau nws cov qub tsos nrog me ntsis tshav kub. Cov hlau no tuaj yeem siv rau hauv ntau yam xws li ntsuas ntsuas thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Tam sim no raws li txoj cai ntawm titanium alloy cov ntaub ntawv kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv Suav teb
Titanium alloy yog hais txog ntau yam hlau alloy uas ua los ntawm titanium thiab lwm yam hlau. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, Tuam Tshoj tau nquag tshaj tawm txoj cai los txhawb kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho, tsim khoom thiab siv cov ntaub ntawv titanium alloy. Hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb, titanium alloy cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau yog siv hauv kev lag luam aviation, kev lag luam tiv thaiv, thiab lwm yam lag luam. Ntawm lawv, daim ntawv thov kev thov hauv kev lag luam aviation suav txog li 50%, feem ntau yog rau kev tsim cov dav hlau thiab tshuab. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev thov qauv ntawm titanium cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, titanium ua cov ntaub ntawv yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, thiab qhov feem ntawm titanium cov ntaub ntawv siv nyob rau hauv domestic aerospace tsuas yog 20%, qhia tau hais tias muaj peev xwm loj nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam ntawm titanium. cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv aviation hauv peb lub tebchaws. Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm high-end titanium alloy, muaj ob peb lub lag luam uas muaj peev xwm loj tsim tub rog aviation titanium alloy pas nrig thiab hlau nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, uas yog ib tug "duopoly" kev sib tw qauv.
1. Txoj cai txhawb kev tsim cov khoom siv titanium alloy
Titanium alloys xa mus rau ntau yam hlau alloyed ua los ntawm titanium thiab lwm yam hlau. Ntau lub teb chaws hauv ntiaj teb tau paub txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm titanium alloy cov ntaub ntawv, thiab tau ua tiav kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm nws, thiab tau siv rau hauv kev xyaum. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, Tuam Tshoj tau nquag tshaj tawm txoj cai los txhawb kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho, tsim khoom thiab siv cov ntaub ntawv titanium alloy. Nyob rau hauv 2019, raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv Phau Ntawv Qhia rau Industrial Structure Adjustment (2019 Draft), high-performance ultra-nplua, ultra-coarse, composite qauv cemented carbide cov ntaub ntawv thiab sib sib zog nqus ua cov khoom, tsawg modulus titanium alloy cov ntaub ntawv, corrosion resistant titanium alloy cov ntaub ntawv, titanium alloy fasteners rau aerospace thiab thiaj li nyob rau yuav muab teev raws li txhawb tej yaam num rau industrial qauv kev hloov kho.
2. Titanium alloy cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv aerospace thiab tub rog teb
Hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb, titanium alloy cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau yog siv hauv kev lag luam aviation, kev lag luam tiv thaiv, thiab lwm yam lag luam. Ntawm lawv, daim ntawv thov kev thov hauv kev lag luam aviation suav txog li 50%, feem ntau yog rau kev tsim cov dav hlau thiab tshuab. Hauv kev thov cov qauv ntawm titanium cov ntaub ntawv hauv Suav teb, titanium ua cov ntaub ntawv tsuas yog siv hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov sib txawv piv nrog lub ntiaj teb no yog nyob rau hauv aviation teb. Titanium cov ntaub ntawv siv nyob rau hauv aviation yeej ib txwm suav txog li 53% ntawm tag nrho cov xav tau ntawm titanium cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, thaum lub sij hawm feem ntau ntawm titanium cov ntaub ntawv siv nyob rau hauv domestic aerospace tsuas yog 20%, qhia tau hais tias tseem muaj peev xwm loj nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam ntawm titanium. cov khoom siv hauv aviation hauv Suav teb.
Cov ntsiab lus
titanium muaj ntau yam zoo sib xws ntawm cov hlau, nrog rau kev vam meej ntawm tib neeg, kev loj hlob ntawm science thiab technology, titanium thiab titanium alloy yuav siv ntau dua, tib neeg xav tau titanium thiab titanium alloy yuav nce, thiab cov nqi ntau lawm yog ib qho ntawm Cov laj thawj tseem ceeb los txwv kev nce qib thiab siv titanium thiab titanium alloy. Yog li ntawd, txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev siv ntawm cov nqi qis, loj-teev thiab ecological kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig cov txheej txheem ntau lawm tuaj yeem ua rau titanium thiab titanium alloys ntau dua.
